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Vacuum fluctuations are known to produce observable effects across different physical regimes, yet they also lead to persistent divergences in idealized systems. After a brief overview of the quantum vacuum and its physical manifestations, this talk focuses on the origin and treatment of such divergences.

We analyze two representative scenarios. In light-cone fluctuations, metric perturbations modify the structure of two-point functions, effectively smoothing out light-cone singularities. In quantum Brownian motion induced by vacuum fluctuations, the presence of boundaries leads to divergent contributions to velocity dispersions due to idealized boundary conditions.

We show that when fluctuations in the geometry or in the boundary positions are taken into account, they act as a regulator, removing these divergences and yielding finite observables. This result highlights a common mechanism underlying different vacuum-induced phenomena and helps to clarify the role of idealizations in quantum field theory.

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